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APPENDIX III
[Three were executed; of four
equally guilty two fled, and two had died previously.]
1. Antonio Prelati
2. Bertrand Poulein
3. Etienne Corrillaut [executed]
4. Etiennette Blanchu
5. Eustache Blanchet
6. Gilles de Rais [executed]
7. Gilles de Sillé [fled]
8. Henri Griart [executed]
9. Jean Rossignol [dead]
10. Lenano Ceva
11. Perrine Martin
12. Robin Romulart [dead]
13. Roger de Bricqueville [fled]
2: 1582.
Essex. St. Osyth
1. Ales Hunt
2. Ales Manfield
3. Ales Newman
4. Annis Glascocke
5. Annys Heade
6. Cysley Celles
7. Elizabeth Bennet
8. Elizabeth Ewstace
9. Joan Pechey
10. Joan Robinson
11. Margaret Grevell
12. Margery Sanmmon
13. Ursley Kemp
[Those marked with a star are the
nine who took part in the great attempt on James VI's life. Of these four
were tried and executed. Of the rest of the Covens, Christian Tod, Donald
Robson, and Robert Grierson were executed as witches in 1594, and Beigis
Tod in 1608. The others appear to have escaped altogether.]
1, 2. Agnes Sampson and her
daughter
3. Agnes Stratton
3. Alexander Quhytelaw.
5. Annie Richardson
*6. Barbara Napier
7. Beigis Tod
8. Bessie Broune
9. Bessie Gwlene [Cowan]
10. Bessie Robson
11. Bessie Thomson
12. Bessie Wright
13. Catherine Campbell
14. Catherine Duncan
15. Catherene McGill
16. Christian Carrington
17. Christian Tod
*18. Donald Robson
19. Duncan Buchanan
*20. Euphemia McCalyan
21. Geillis Duncan
22. Gilbert McGill
23. Helen Lauder
24. Helen Quhyte
25. Issobell Gylour [Gylloun]
26. Issobell Lauder
27. Jannet Blandilands
28. Jonnet Campbell
29. Jonet Gaw [Gall]
30. Jonet Logan
31. Jonet Nicholson
32. Jonet Stratton
33. John Couper
34. John Fian [officer]
35. John Gordon [Gray-meill]
36. John McGill
37. Kaet Gray
38. Kait Wallace
39. Malie Geddie
40. Margrett Aitchison
41. Meg Begton
42. Meg Dunn
43. Meg Stillcart
*44. Margret Thomsoun
45. Marion Bailzie
46. Marion Congilton
47, 48. Marion Linkup and her sister
49. Marion Nicholson
50. Marion Paterson
51. Marion Scheill [Shaw]
52. Marion . . . [Irish Marion]
53. Masie Aitchison
54. Michael Clark
55. Richard Graham
56. Robert Grierson
57, 58. Thomas Burnhill and his wife
59, 60. . . . Stobbeis [2 women]
61. Archie Henillis' wife
62. George Mott's wife
63. John Ramsay's wife
64. Nicoll Murray's wife
[The following were executed.]
1. Andro Man
2. Christen Reid
3. Issobell Oige
4. Issobell Richie
5. Helen Rogie
6. Jonet Grant
7. Jonet Spaldarg
8. Jonet Wishert
9. Katherine Gerard
10. Margrat Bean
11. Margrat Og
12. Marion Grant
13. Thomas Leyis [officer]
[The following took a leading part
in the ceremonies and were tried; seven were banished; no record as to the
fate of the rest.]
1. Agnes Wobster
2. Beatrice Robbie [banished]
3. Bessie Thom
4. Christen Mitchell
5. Ellen Gray
6. Elspet Leyis [banished]
7. Issobell Coky
8. Helen Fraser
9. John Leyis [banished]
10. Jonet Davidson [banished]
11. Jonet Leyis [banished]
12. Jonet Lucas [banished]
13. Violet Lucas [banished]
[Ten were executed; Elizabeth
Demdike died in prison; Jennet Preston was acquitted, but was executed
later. I suggest Jennet Hargreaves as the thirteenth, for she was the only
one who was first at Malking Tower and afterwards in prison.]
1. Alice Nutter
2. Alizon Device
3. Anne Redferne
4. Anne Whittle
5. Elizabeth Demdike [officer]
6. Elizabeth Device
7. Isobel Robey
8. James Device
9. Jane Bulcock
10. Jennet Hargreaves
11. Jennet Preston
12. John Bulcock
13. Katherine Hewit
1. Collas Becquet
2. Collette du Mont [officer]
3. Isabel Becquet
4. Marie Becquet
5. The woman Fallaise
6. The woman Hardie
7. A woman she did not know
8-13. Six others there she did not know
[Seven were executed.]
1. Catherine Logie
2. Catherine Thomson
3. Elspet Cant
4. Helen Hill
5. Helen Thomson
6. Isobel Young
7. Janet Lowrie
8. Janet Mowbray
9. Margaret Brown
10. Margaret Dauline
11. Marion Dauline
12. Marion Little
13. Marion Stein
1. Anne Smith
2. John Lamen Sr.
3. John Lamen Jr.
4. John [? Joan] Lamen
5. John Palmer
6. John Salmon, Sr.
7. Joseph Salmon
8. Judeth Salmon
9. Mary Bychance
10. Mary Lamen, Sr
11. Mary Lamen, Jr
12. Sarah Smith
13. Widow Palmer
1. Barbara Erskin
2. Bessie Paton
3. Elspet Black
4. James Hudston
5. James Kirk
6. Jonet Millar
7. Jonet Paterson
8. Jonet Reid
9. Kathren Black
10. Kathren Renny
11. Margret Demperstoun
12. Margret Duchall
13. Margret Tailzeour
1661. Forfar
[The two Covens were led, one by
Helen Guthrie, the other by Helen Cothills. I have put in the first Coven
the names which occur most frequently together.]
1
1. Agnes Sparke
2. Andrew Watson
3. Elspet Alexander
4. Elspet Bruce
5. Helen Alexander
6. Helen Guthrie [officer]
7. Isobel Dorward
8. Isobel Shyrie
9. John Tailzeour
10. Jonet Howit
11. Jonet Stout
12. Katherene Portour
13. Mary Rynd
2
1. Bessie Croket
2. Christen Whyte
3. George Ellies
4. Helen Cothills [officer]
5. Isobel Smith
6. Jonet Barrie
7. Katharene Wallace
8. Margaret Nicholl
9. Marjorie Ritchie
10. . . . Finlason
11. . . . Hebrone
12, 13. Two unnamed women mentioned by Katharene Portour.
1. Barbara Ronald
2. Bessie Hay
3. Bessie Wilson
4. Elspet Nishie
5. Issobell Gowdie
6. Issobell Nicoll
7. Janet Breadheid
8. Janet Burnet
9. John Taylor
10. John Young [officer]
11. Jean Marten [the Maiden]
12. Margret Brodie
13. Margret Wilson
1. Agnes Brugh
2. Agnes Murie
3. Agnes Pittendreich
4. Bessie Henderson
5. Bessie Nell
6. Christian Grieve
7. Isabel Rutherford
8. Janet Brugh
9. Janet Paton (of Crook)
10. Janet Paton (of Kilduff)
11. Margaret Huggon
12. Margaret Litster
13. Robert Wilson
[Though the published records are
incomplete, the number of names surviving suggests that a Coven existed
here.]
1. Andrew Sanford
2. Elizabeth Seager
3. James Walkley
4. Judith Varlet
5. Mary Sanford
6. Nathaniel Greensmith
7. Rebecca Greensmith
8. William Ayres
9. Goodwife Ayres
10. Goodwife Grant
11. Goodwife Palmer
12. Goodwife Sanford
1. Agnes . . . in Gortenis
2. Annie Heyman [the Maiden]
3. Cirstine Ballantyne [the Maiden]
4. Donald McCartour
5. Elspet Galie
6. Elspeth Gray
7. Elspet NcWilliam
8. Elspeth Spence
9. Issobell More McKaw
10. Issobell NcNeill
11. Issobell NcNicoll
12. Jonet McConachie
13. Jonet McNeill
14. Jonet McNickell
15. Jonet Isack
16. Jonet Morison
17. Jonet Nicoll
18. John Galy
19. Kathrine Cristell
20. Kathrine Frissell
21. Kathrine McWilliam
22. Kathrine Moore
23. Kathrine Stewart
24. Margaret McNeill
25. Margaret McNickell
26. Margaret Ncilduy
27. Margaret NcLevin
28. Margaret NcWilliam
29. Margaret Smith
30. Marie McKaw
31. Marie More NcCuill
32. Marie Stewart
33. Patrick McKaw
[Besides eleven other incomplete
names, of which five can be identified as being already mentioned above,
leaving six to add to that number, i. e. thirty-nine in all.]
[In the first Coven I have put the
names which occur most frequently together in the evidence.]
1
1. Alice Duke
2. Alice Green
3. Anne Bishop [officer],
4. Catharine Green
5. Christian Green
6. Dinah Warberton
7. Dorothy Warberton
8. Elizabeth Stile
9. Henry Walter
10. Jone Syms
11. Mary Green
12. Mary Penny
13. Mary Warberton
2
1. Christopher Ellen
2. James Bush
3. John Combes
4. John Vining
5. Julian Cox
6. Margaret Agar [officer?]
7. Margaret Clarke
8. Rachel King
9. Richard Dickes
10. Richard Larmen
11. Thomas Bolster
12. Thomas Dunning
13. . . . Durnford
1. Anne Driden
2. Anne Foster
3. Anne Usher
4. Elizabeth Pickering
5. John Crauforth
6. Lucy Thompson
7. Margaret Aynsley
8. Margarett (whose surname she knowes not)
9. Michael Aynsley
10. William Wright
11-13. And three more, whose names she, knowes not
1. Agnes Naismith
2. Alexander Anderson
3. James Lindsay
4. Janet Rodgers
5. Janet Wagh
6. Jean Fulton [officer]
7. John Lindsay
8. John Reid
9. Katherine Campbel
10. Margaret Fulton
11. Margaret Laing
12. Margaret Rodgers
13. Martha Semple
[Guernsey being a law unto itself
in the matter of names, the following remarks refer only to England and
Scotland.]
The lists of witch-names bring to
light several facts as regards the women. One of these is the entire
absence of Saxon names, such as Gertrude, Edith, Hilda; Old Testament
names are so few in number as to be negligible; Scandinavian names are not
found; the essentially Puritan names, such as Temperance, hardly occur;
but the great mass of the names fall under eight heads with their
dialectical differences: 1, Ann (Annis, Agnes, Annabel); 2, Alice
(Alison); 3, Christian (Christen, Cirstine) 4, Elizabeth (Elspet, Isobel,
Bessie); 5, Ellen (Elinor, Helen) 6, Joan (Jane, Janet, Jonet) 7, Margaret
(Marget, Meg, Marjorie); 8, Marion (Mary).
At first sight the list suggests
New Testament and Greek influence and though I am not prepared to dispute
this, I would point out (1) that there was a British goddess called Anna,
which may account not only for all the forms of Ann but also for the
terminations in Alison and Marion; (2) that the name Christian
clearly indicates the presence of another religion; (3) that there is at
present nothing to prove that Isobel is a variant of Elizabeth——it is
quite possible that Isobel was the original name and that the missionaries
'Christianized' it as Elizabeth; (4) that Helen was a pre-Christian name
in Great Britain (s) that Margaret may have been originally Marget, the
spelling and pronunciation being influenced by the Greek form; and as g
and y are dialectically interchangeable, Marget would be the same as, or
closely allied to, the Finnish Marjatta.
If Christianity had obtained the
hold on the people which the ecclesiastical writers would have its
believe, the name Mary should surely have been the most common, but it
hardly occurs in Great Britain before 1645, while Marion is hardly used
after that date. This looks as though Marion were the earlier form, and
Mary may therefore be merely the contraction of the longer name.
As regards the name Joan I can
offer no explanations or suggestions. I can only call attention to its
overwhelming preponderance in comparison with the others.
In the lists the names are
arranged without regard to local differences of spelling. The surnames are
in alphabetical order.
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Abre Grinset
Dunwich
1663
Agnes Allene
Crook of Devon
1662
Agnes Beveridge
Crook of Devon
1662
Agnes Brodie
Auldearne
1662
Agnes Brown
Northampton
1612
Agnes Brugh
Crook of Devon
1662
Agnes Finnie
Edinburgh
1644
Agnes Forbes
Aberdeen
1597
Agnes Frame
Aberdeen
1597
Agnes Grant
Auldearne
1662
Agnes Murie
Crook of Devon
1662
Agnes Naismith
Bargarran
1697
Agnes Pittendreich
Crook of Devon
1662
Agnes Rawsterne
Lancs
1613
Agnes Sampson
North Berwick
1590
Agnes Sharp
Crook of Devon
1662
Agnes Sparke
Forfar
1661
Agnes Stratton
North Berwick
1590
Agnes Torrie
Auldearne
1662
Agnes Williamson
Samuelston
1662
Agnes Wobster
Aberdeen
1597
Agnes . . . in Gortenis
Bute
1662
Alester McNiven
Bute
1642
Alexander Bell
Auldearne
1662
Alexander Elder
Auldearne
1662
Alexander Hamilton
Edinburgh
1630
Alexander Hunter
East Lothian
1649
Alexander Ledy
Auldearne
1662
Alexander Quhytelaw
N. Berwick
1590
Alexander Shepheard
Auldearne
1662
Alexander Sussums
Suffolk
1646
Alice Dixon
Essex
1645
Alice Dixon
Northumberland
1673
Alice Duke
Somerset
1664
Alice Gooderidge
Burton-on-Trent
1597
Alice Gray
Lancs
1613
Alice Green
Somerset
1664
Ales Hunt
St. Osyth
1582
Alice Huson
Burton Agnes
1664
Alice Kyteler
Ireland
1324
Ales Mansfield
St. Osyth
1582
Ales Newman
St. Osyth
1582
Alice Nutter
Lancs
1613
Alice Priestley
Lancs
1613
Alse Young
Connecticut
1647
Alizon Device
Lancs
1613
Alison Dick
Kirkcaldy
1636
Alesoun Peirsoun
Fifeshire
1588
Allan McKeldowie
Orkney
1616
Amy Duny
Essex
1645
Amie Hyndman, Snr.
Bute
1662
Amie Hyndman, Jnr.
Bute
1662
Andro Man
Aberdeen
1597
Andrew Sanford
Conn.
1662
Andrew Watson
Forfar
1661
Anne Ashby
Maidstone
1652
Ann Baites
Northumberland
1673
Anne Baker
Leicester
1619
Anne Bishop
Somerset
1664
Anne Blampied
Guernsey
1629
Anne Bodenham
Salisbury
1633
Anne Cate
Much Holland, Essex
1645
Anne Cooper
Clacton Essex
1645
Annas Craigie
Crook of Devon
1662
Anne Crunkshey
Lancs
1673
Anne Desborough
Hunts
1646
Anne Driden
Northumberland
1673
Anne Foster
Northumberland
1673
Ann Foster
Northampton
1674
Annis Glascocke
St. Osyth
1582
Anne Grut
Guernsey
1614
Annis Heade
St. Osyth
1582
Annie Heyman
Bute
1662
Anne Hunnam
Scarborough
1651
Anne Leach
Misley, Essex
1645
Anne Martyn
Maidstone
1652
Anne Massq
Guernsey
1617
Anne Parker
Suffolk
1645
Anne Parteis
Northumberland
1673
Anne Pearce
Suffolk
1645
Anne Redferne
Lancs
1613
Annie Richardson
N. Berwick
1590
Anne Smith
St. Albans
1649
Annabil Stuart
Paisley
1678
Anie Tailzeour
Orkney
1633
Annaple Thomson
Borrowstowness
1679
Anne Usher
Northumberland
1673
Anne West
Lawford, Essex
1645
Anne Whitfield
Northumberland
1673
Anne Whittle
Lancs
1613
Anthony Hunter
Northumberland
1673
Archibald Man
Auldearne
1662
Arthur Bill
Northampton
1612
Barbara Erskeine
Alloa
1658
Barbara Friece
Auldearne
1662
Barbara Napier
N. Berwick
1590
Barbara Ronald
Auldearne
1662
Beak Taiss
Aberdeen
1597
Beigis Tod
N. Berwick
1598
Beatrice Laing
Pittenweem
1704
Beatrice Robbie
Aberdeen
1597
Cirstine Ballantyne
Bute
1662
Christian Carington
N. Berwick
1597
Christian Carrington
N. Berwick
1590
Christian Graham
Glasgow
1622
Christian Green
Somerset
1664
Christian Grieve
Crook of Devon
1662
Christine Harnon
Guernsey
1617
Christiane Lewingstone
Leith
1597
Christen Miller
Aberdeen
1597
Christen Mitchell
Aberdeen
1597
Christen Reid
Aberdeen
1597
Christian Saidler
Edinburgh
1597
Christian Tod
N. Berwick
1590
Christen Whyte
Forfar
1661
Christiane Wilson
Dalkeith
1661
Christian Young
Crook of Devon
1662
Christopher Dixon
Northumberland
1673
Christopher Ellen
Somerset
1664
Christopher Hargreaves
Lancs
1613
Christopher Howgate
Lancs
1613
Cysley Celles
St. Osyth
1582
Cecile Vaultier
Guernsey
1610
Collas Becquet
Guernsey
1617
Collette Becquet
Guernsey
1617
Collette de l'Estal
Guernsey
1622
Collette Dumont
Guernsey
1617
Collette Gascoing
Guernsey
1563
Collette la Gelée
Guernsey
1624
Collette Robin
Guernsey
1622
Collette Salmon
Guernsey
1563
Collette Sauvage
Guernsey
1639
Collette Tourtel
Guernsey
1576
Deliverance Hobbs
Salem
1692
Dinah Warberton
Somerset
1664
Donald McCartour
Bute
1662
Donald Robesoune
N. Berwick
1590
Doll Bilby
Burton Agnes
1664
Dorothy Green
Northumberland
1673
Dorothy Warberton
Somerset
1664
Duncan Buchquhannane
N. Berwick
1590
Bessie Aiken
Edinburgh
1597
Elspet Alexander
Forfar
1661
Elizabeth Astley
Lancs
1613
Elizabeth Atchinson
Northumberland
1673
Bessie Bathgate
Eymouth
1634
Elizabeth Bennet
St. Osyth
1582
Elspet Blak
Alloa
1658
Bessie Browne
N. Berwick
1590
Elspet Bruce
Forfar
1661
Elspet Cant
Queensferry
1644
Elizabeth Chandler
Hunts
1646
Elspet Chisholme
Auldearne
1662
Elizabeth Clark
Manningtree
1645
Elizabeth Clawson
Conn.
1692
Bessie Croket
Forfar
1661
Elizabeth Demdike
Lancs
1613
Elizabeth Dempster
Crook of Devon
1662
Elizabeth Device
Lancs
1613
Elizabeth Dickenson
Knaresborough
1621
Bessie Dunlop
Ayrshire
1576
Elizabeth Duquenin
Guernsey
1610
Elizabeth Ewstace
St. Osyth
1582
Elspet Falconer
Auldearne
1662
Elspet Findlay
Aberdeen
1597
Elizabeth Fletcher
Knaresborough
1621
Elspett Forbes
Aberdeen
1597
Elizabeth Francis
Chelmsford
1556
Bessie Friece
Auldearne
1662
Elspet Galie
Bute
1662
Elizabeth Garlick
Conn.
1657
Elizabeth Gauvein
Guernsey
1639
Elspet Gilbert
Auldearne
1662
Elizabeth Godman
Conn.
1653
Elizabeth Gooding
Manningtree
1645
Bessie Graham
Kilwinning
1649
Elspet Graham
Dalkeith
1661
Elspet Gray
Bute
1662
Bessie Gulene
N. Berwick
1590
Elizabeth Hare
Essex
1645
Elizabeth Hargraves
Lancs
1613
Elizabeth Harvy
Ramsey, Essex
1645
Bessie Hay
Auldearne
1662
Bessie Henderson
Crook of Devon
1662
Elizabeth Howgate
Lancs
1613
Bessie Hucheons
Auldearne
1662
Elizabeth Knap
Groton
1671
Elspet Laird
Auldearne
1662
Elizabeth le Hardy
Guernsey
1631
Elspet Leyis
Aberdeen
1597
Elspet Macbeith
Auldearne
1662
Elspet Makhomie
Auldearne
1662
Bessie Moffat
Dalkeith
1661
Elspet Moinness
Aberdeen
1597
Elspet NcWilliam
Bute
1662
Bessie Neil
Crook of Devon
1662
Elspet Nishie
Auldearne
1662
Bessie Paton
Alloa
1658
Bessie Paul
Aberdeen
1597
Bessie Peterkin
Auldearne
1662
Elizabeth Pickering
Northumberland
1673
Elspeth Reoch
Orkney
1616
Bessie Robson
N. Berwick
1590
Elizabeth Sawyer
Edmonton
1621
Elizabeth Seager
Conn.
1662
Elspet Smyth
Aberdeen
1597
Elspeth Spence
Bute
1662
Elizabeth Stile
Somerset
1664
Elizabeth Stile
Windsor
1579
Elspet Strathaquhin
Aberdeen
1597
Bessie Thom
Aberdeen
1597
Bessie Thomson
N. Berwick
1590
Bessie Vickar
Borrowstowness
1679
Elizabeth Weed
Hunts
1646
Bessie Weir
Paisley
1678
Bessie Wilson
Auldearne
1662
Bessie Wright
N. Berwick
1590
Elizabeth Wright
Burton-on-Trent
1597
Bessie Young
Auldearne
1662
Ellen Bierley
Lancs
1613
Ellen Gray
Aberdeen
1597
Ellen Green
Leicester
1619
Elinor Shaw
Northampton
1705
Euphemia McCalyan
N. Berwick
1590
Frances Dicconson
Lancs
1613
Frances Moore
Hunts
1646
George Ellies
Forfar
1661
Gideon Penman
Crighton
1678
Gilbert Fidlar
Aberdeen
1597
Gilbert McGill
N. Berwick
1590
Giles Fenderlin
Leaven Heath
1652
Gellis Duncan
N. Berwick
1590
Gilles Hutton
Crook of Devon
1662
Girette le Parmentier
Guernsey
1620
Gracyenne Gousset
Guernsey
1563
Grace Hay
Lancs
1613
Grissell Gairdner
Newburgh
1610
Grissall Sinklar
Auldearne
1662
Guillemine la Bousse
Guernsey
1622
Guillemine Vaultier
Guernsey
1610
Hellen Alexander
Forfar
1661
Hellen Clark
Manningtree
1645
Helen Cothills
Forfar
1661
Helen Fraser
Aberdeen
1597
Helen Guthrie
Forfar
1661
Helen Hill
Queensferry
1644
Helen Inglis
Auldearne
1661
Hellen Jenkinson
Northampton
1612
Helen Lauder
N. Berwick
1590
Helène le Brun
Guernsey
1609
Helen Makkie
Aberdeen
1597
Hellen Pennie
Aberdeen
1597
Helen Rogie
Aberdeen
1597
Helen Thomson
Queensferry
1644
Helen White
N. Berwick
1590
Henry Graver
Knaresborough
1621
Henry Walter
Somerset
1665
Hugh Crosia
Conn.
1693
Isobel Adams
Pittenweem
1704
Issabel Andrews
Northumberland
1673
Isobel Bairdie
Edinburgh
1649
Issobell Barroun
Aberdeen
1597
Isabel Becquet
Guernsey
1617
Isobel Black
Crook of Devon
1662
Issobell Burnett
Aberdeen
1597
Issobell Coky
Aberdeen
1597
Isabel Condie
Crook of Devon
1662
Isobell Crawford
Irvine
1618
Isobel Dorward
Forfar
1661
Issobell Forbes
Aberdeen
1597
Isobel Friece
Auldearne
1662
Isobel Gairdner
Edinburgh
1649
Isabel Gibson
Crook of Devon
1662
Issobell Gowdie
Auldearne
1662
Issobell Griersoune
Edinburgh
1607
Isobell Gylour
N. Berwick
1590
Isobel Haldane
Perth
1607
Isobel Inch
Irvine
1618
Issabell Johnson
Northumberland
1673
Isobell Lauder
N. Berwick
1590
Issobell Menteithe
Aberdeen
1597
Isobel More NcKaw
Bute
1662
Isobel More
Auldearne
1662
Issobell NcNeill
Bute
1662
Issobell NcNicoll
Bute
1662
Issobell Nicoll
Auldearne
1662
Issobell Oige
Aberdeen
1597
Isobel Ramsay
Edinburgh
1661
Issobell Richie
Aberdeen
1597
Issobell Robbie
Aberdeen
1597
Isobel Robey
Lancs
1613
Isabel Rutherford
Crook of Devon
1662
Issobell Shyrie
Forfar
1661
Isabel Sidegraves
Lancs
1613
Issobell Smith
Forfar
1661
Issobell Strathaquhin
Aberdeen
1597
Issabell Thompson
Northumberland
1673
Isobel Young
Queensferry
1644
James Bush
Somerset
1664
James Device
Lancs
1613
James Hudston
Alloa
1658
James Kirk
Alloa
1658
James Og
Aberdeen
1597
James Walkley
Conn.
1662
Jonet Anderson
Edinburgh
1657
Jane Baites
Northumberland
1673
Jonet Barrie
Forfar
1661
Jeanne Bichot
Guernsey
1619
Jennet Bierley
Lancs
1613
Jannet Blandilands
Edinburgh
1590
Janet Breadheid
Auldearne
1662
Janet Brown
Edinburgh
1649
Janet Brugh
Crook of Devon
1662
Jane Bulcock
Lancs
1613
Janet Burnet
Auldearne
1662
Jonet Campbell
Edinburgh
1590
Jonet Campbell
N. Berwick
1590
Joan Cariden
Faversham
1645
Joan Carrington
Conn.
1651
Jonett Clark
Edinburgh
1590
Jonet Cleracht
Aberdeen
1597
Jennot Cooke
Dalkeith
1661
Johan Cooper
Much Holland, Essex
1645
Jonet Corset
Pittenweem
1704
Jennet Cronkshaw
Lancs
1613
Janet Cunningham
Edinburgh
1590
Jonet Davidson
Aberdeen
1597
Jeanne de Bertran
Guernsey
1626
Jenette de Garis
Guernsey
1631
Jonet Degeddes
Aberdeen
1597
Jennet Device
Lancs
1613
Jennit Dibble
Knaresborough
1621
Jonet Drever
Orkney
1615
Jeannette Dumaresq
Guernsey
1570
Janet Finlay
Auldearne
1662
Jean Fulton
Bargarran
1697
Jonet Gaw (Gall)
N. Berwick
1590
Jonet Grant
Aberdeen
1597
Jonett Grant
Edinburgh
1590
Jeanne Guignon
Guernsey
1570
Jonet Guissett
Aberdeen
1597
Jennet Hargraves
Lancs
1613
Jonet Hird
Crook of Devon
1662
Jonet Hood
Crook of Devon
1662
Jane Hopper
Northumberland
1673
Jane Hott
Faversham
1645
Jonet Howit
Forfar
1661
Jonet Hunter
Ayrshire
1605
Jonet Isack
Bute
1662
Jonat Kaw
Perth
1607
Jean King
Innerkip
1662
Jeanne le Cornu
Guernsey
1620
Jeannette le Gallées
Guernsey
1570
Jonet Leisk
Aberdeen
1597
Jonet Leyis
Aberdeen
1597
Jonet Logan
N. Berwick
1590
Janet Lowry
Queensferry
1644
Jonet Lucas
Aberdeen
1597
Joane Lucus
Northampton
1612
Jane Makepiece
Northumberland
1673
Janet Man
Auldearne
1662
Janet Mathie
Paisley
1678
Jonet McConachie
Bute
1662
Jonet Mcilmertine
Bute
1642
Jonet McNeill
Bute
1662
Jonet McNickell
Bute
1662
Jonet Mctyre
Bute
1642
Jenot Meiklejohn
Dalkeith
1661
Jonet Millar
Alloa
1658
Jonet Morison
Bute
1662
Janet Mowbray
Queensferry
1644
Jonet Nctyre
Bute
1642
Jonet Nicholson
N. Berwick
1590
Jonet Nicoll
Bute
1662
Jonet Paiston
Dalkeith
1661
Jonet Paterson
Alloa
1659
Janet Paton
Crook of Devon
1662
Janet Paton
Kilduff
1662
Joan Pechey
St. Osyth
1582
Joan Peterson
Wapping
1652
Jennet Preston
Lancs
1613
Jonet Reid
Alloa
1658
Jonet Reid
Orkney
1633
Jonet Rendall
Orkney
1629
Joan Robinson
St. Osyth
1582
Janet Rodgers
Bargarran
1697
Janet Scot
Innerkip
1662
Janet Smith
Auldearne
1662
Jonet Smyth
Aberdeen
1597
Jane Southworth
Lancs
1613
Jonet Spaldarg
Aberdeen
1597
Jonet Stewart
Edinburgh
1597
Jonet Stout
Forfar
1661
Jonet Stratton
N. Berwick
1590
Jean Sutherland
Auldearne
1662
Jone Syms
Somerset
1664
Janet Thomson
Edinburgh
1649
Jeanne Tourgis
Guernsey
1622
Joane Vaughan
Northampton
1612
Janet Wagh
Bargarran
1697
Joan Walliford
Faversham
1645
Joane Wallis
Hunts
1646
Joan Waterhouse
Chelmsford
1556
Jonet Watson
Dalkeith
1661
Jean Weir
Edinburgh
1670
Jennet Wilkinson
Lancs
1613
Joane Willimot
Leicester
1619
Jonet Wishert
Aberdeen
1597
John Brugh
Edinburgh
1643
John Bulcock
Lancs
1613
John Carington
Conn.
1651
John Clarke
Hunts
1646
John Combes
Somerset
1664
John Couper
N. Berwick
1590
John Crauforth
Northumberland
1673
Johnne Damiet
Edinburgh
1597
John Douglas
Tranent
1659
John Fian
N. Berwick
1590
John Galie
Bute
1662
John Gordon (Gray-meill)
N. Berwick
1590
John Lamen, Snr.
St. Albans
1649
John Lamen, Jnr.
St. Albans
1649
John Leyis
Aberdeen
1597
John Lindsay
Bargarran
1697
John McGill
N. Berwick
1590
John Palmer
St. Albans
1649
John Ramsden
Lancs
1613
John Reid
Bargarran
1697
John Robertson
Auldearne
1662
John Salmon
St. Albans
1649
John McWilliam Sclater
Edinburgh
1656
John Stewart
Irving
1618
John Stuart
Paisley
1678
John Tailzeour
Forfar
1661
John Taylor
Auldearne
1662
John Vining
Somerset
1664
John Whitfield
Northumberland
1673
John Winnick
Hunts
1646
John Young
Auldearne
1662
Joseph Salmon
St. Albans
1649
Josine Deblicq
Hainault
1616
Joyce Boanes
St. Osyth
1645
Judith Moone
Thorp, Essex
1645
Judeth Salmon
St. Albans
1649
Judith Varlet
Conn.
1662
Julian Cox
Somerset
1665
Katherine Blair
Glasgow
1622
Kathren Blak
Alloa
1658
Katherine Campbell
N. Berwick
1590
Katherine Campbell
Bargarran
1697
Katherine Carruthers
N. Berwick
1590
Katherine Craige
Orkney
1633
Katherine Cristell
Bute
1662
Katherine Duncan
N. Berwick
1590
Katherine Earle
Yorks
1654
Catherine Ellot
Northumberland
1673
Katherine Eustache
Guernsey
1581
Katherine Fernsche
Aberdeen
1597
Katherine Ferris
Aberdeen
1597
Katherine Frissell
Bute
1662
Katherine Gerard
Aberdeen
1597
Kait Gray
N. Berwick
1590
Catherine Green
Somerset
1665
Catherine Halloudis
Guernsey
1622
Katherine Harrison
Conn.
1662
Katherine Heirst
Lancs
1613
Catherine Logie
Queensferry
1644
Katherine McGill
N. Berwick
1590
Katherine McTeir
Ayrshire
1605
Katherine McWilliarn
Bute
1662
Katherine Miller
Orkney
1633
Kathren Mitchell
Aberdeen
1597
Kathrin Moore
Bute
1662
Katherine Oswald
Edinburgh
1629
Katharene Portour
Forfar
1661
Catherine Prays
Guernsey
1563
Kathren Renny
Alloa
1658
Catherine Robert
Guernsey
1639
Katherine Scott
Innerkip
1662
Kathren Sowter
Auldearne
1662
Katherine Stewart
Bute
1662
Catherine Thomson
Queensferry
1644
Kait Wallace
N. Berwick
1590
Katharene Wallace
Forfar
1661
Lawrence Hay
Lancs
1613
Laurenche Jehan
Guernsey
1570
Laurence I'Eustache
Guernsey
1617
Lilias Adie
Torryburn
1704
Lillie Wallace
Pittenweem
1704
Lucy Thompson
Northumberland
1673
Lydia Gilbert
Conn.
1654
Malie Geddie
N. Berwick
1590
Manie Haliburton
Dirlton
1649
Marable Cooper
Orkney
1633
Margaret Agar
Somerset
1664
Margaret Aitchison
N. Berwick
1590
Margaret Aynsley
Northumberland
1673
Margaret Barclay
Irvine
1618
Margret Bean
Aberdeen
1597
Meg Begtoun
N. Berwick
1590
Marget Beveridge
Crook of Devon
1662
Margret Brodie
Auldearne
1662
Margaret Brown
Queensferry
1644
Margaret Clarke
Somerset
1664
Margrat Cleraucht
Aberdeen
1597
Margaret Craige
Paisley
1678
Margaret Dauline
Queensferry
1644
Margret Demperstoun
Alloa
1658
Margret Duchall
Alloa
1658
Margaret Duncane
Ayrshire
1605
Margaret Duncane
Crook of Devon
1662
Margaret Dwn
N. Berwick
1590
Margaret Fulton
Bargarran
1697
Margaret Grevell
St. Osyth
1582
Margaret Hamilton (Mitchell)
Borrowstowness
1679
Margaret Hamilton (Pullwart)
Borrowstowness
1679
Margrat Holm
Innerkip
1662
Margret Hucheons
Auldearne
1662
Margaret Huggon
Crook of Devon
1662
Marget Hutton
Crook of Devon
1662
Margrat Innes
Aberdeen
1597
Margaret Jackson
Paisley
1678
Margaret Jennings
Conn.
1661
Margaret Johnson
Lancs
1633
Margaret Keltie
Crook of Devon
1662
Margaret Kyllie
Auldearne
1662
Margaret Laing
Bargarran
1697
Margaret Landish
St. Osyth
1645
Margaret Litster
Crook of Devon
1662
Margaret Loy
Liverpool
1667
Margaret McGuffok
Ayrshire
1605
Margret McKenzie
Innerkip
1662
Margaret McNeill
Bute
1662
Margaret McNickell
Bute
1662
Margaret McNish
Crook of Devon
1662
Margaret McWilliam
Bute
1662
Margaret Moone
Thorp, Essex
1645
Margaret Morton
Yorks
1650
Margaret Ncilduy
Bute
1662
Margaret NcLevin
Bute
1662
Margaret Nicoll
Forfar
1661
Margaret Nin-Gilbert
Thurso
1719
Margret Og
Aberdeen
1597
Margaret Pearson
Lancs
1613
Marguerite Picot
Guernsey
1629
Margaret Pringle
Borrowstowness
1679
Margrat Reauch
Aberdeen
1597
Margaret Rodgers
Bargarran
1697
Margrat Scherar
Aberdeen
1597
Margaret Simson
Hunts
1646
Margaret Smith
Bute
1662
Margrat Smyth
Aberdeen
1597
Meg Stillcart
N. Berwick
1590
Margret Tailzeour
Alloa
1658
Marguerite Tardif
Guernsey
1624
Margaret Thomson
N. Berwick
1590
Margaret Waite, Snr.
Knaresborough
1621
Margaret Waite, Jnr.
Knaresborough
1621
Margaret Wallace
Glasgow
1622
Margret Wilson
Auldearne
1662
Margaret Young
Crook of Devon
1662
Margarett (surname unknown)
Northumberland
1673
Marion Bailzie
N. Berwick
1590
Marion Congilton
N. Berwick
1590
Marion Dauline
Queensferry
1644
Marion Frissell
Bute
1642
Marrion Fyfe
Crook of Devon
1662
Marion Grant
Aberdeen
1597
Marion Hocket
Ramsey, Essex
1645
Marion Linkup
Leith
1590
Marion Little
Queensferry
1644
Marion Nicholson
N. Berwick
1590
Marion Paterson
N. Berwick
1590
Marion Richart
Orkney
1633
Marion Scheill (Shaw)
N. Berwick
1590
Marion Stein
Queensferry
1644
Marrion Thomson
Crook of Devon
1662
Marion Wod
Aberdeen
1597
Marion (Irish Marion)
N. Berwick
1590
Marjorie Dunbar
Auldearne
1662
Marjorie Man
Auldearne
1662
Marjorie Mutch
Aberdeen
1597
Marjorie Ritchie
Forfar
1661
Margery Sammon
St. Osyth
1582
Margery Stoakes
St. Osyth
1645
Marjorie Taylor
Auldearne
1662
Martha Semple
Bargarran
1697
Martin Tulouff
Guernsey
1563
Mary Barber
Northampton
1612
Mary Barnes
Conn.
1662
Marie Becquet
Guernsey
1617
Mary Bychance
St. Albans
1649
Marie Clouet
Guernsey
1631
Marie de Calais
Guernsey
1617
Marie de Calais
Guernsey
1631
Marie du Mont
Guernsey
1617
Marie Gauvein
Guernsey
1570
Mary Green
Somerset
1664
Mary Greenleife
Alresford, Essex
1645
Marie Guilbert
Guernsey
1639
Marie Guillemotte
Guernsey
1634
Mary Hunter
Northumberland
1673
Mary Johnson
Wyvenhoe, Essex
1645
Mary Johnson
Conn.
1647
Mary Lamen, Snr.
St. Albans
1649
Mary Lamen, Jnr.
St. Albans
1649
Marie Lamont
Innerkip
1662
Marie Mabille
Guernsey
1631
Marie Martin
Guernsey
1588
Marie McKaw
Bute
1662
Mary McNiven
Bute
1662
Marie Mortimer
Guernsey
1631
Marie More NcCuill
Bute
1662
Marie Paterson
N. Berwick
1590
Mary Penny
Somerset
1664
Mary Phillips
Northampton
1705
Mary Read
Lenham
1652
Marie Roland
Guernsey
1601
Marie Roland
Guernsey
1634
Mary Rynd
Forfar
1661
Mary Sanford
Conn.
1662
Marie Shuttleworth
Lancs
1613
Mary Sikes
Yorks
1649
Marie Sohier
Guernsey
1626
Marie Spencer
Lancs
1613
Marie Stewart
Bute
1662
Mary Trembles
Bideford
1682
Mary Warberton
Somerset
1665
Masie Aitchison
N. Berwick
1590
Mercy Disborough
Conn.
1692
Meslie Hirdall
Auldearne
1662
Michael Aynsley
Northumberland
1673
Michael Clark
N. Berwick
1590
Mildred Wright
Maidstone
1652
Nathaniel Greensmith
Conn.
1662
Nicholas Jennings
Conn.
1661
Patrick Lowrie
Ayrshire
1605
Patrick McKaw
Bute
1662
Patrik Watson
Dirlton
1649
Perine Marest
Guernsey
1622
Philipine le Parmentier
Guernsey
1617
Rachel King
Somerset
1665
Rebecca Greensmith
Conn.
1662
Rebecca Jones
St. Osyth
1645
Rebecca Weste
Lawford, Essex
1645
Richard Dickes
Somerset
1665
Richard Graham
Edinburgh
1590
Richard Larmen
Somerset
1665
Robert Griersoun
N. Berwick
1590
Robert Grieve
Lauder
1649
Robert Wilkinson
Lancs
1613
Robert Wilson
Crook of Devon
1662
Rose Cullender
Bury
1664
Rose Hallybread
St. Osyth
1645
Sarah Barton
Harwich
1645
Sarah Cooper
Essex
1645
Sarah Hating
Ramsey, Essex
1645
Sarah Smith
St. Albans
1649
Susan Cock
St. Osyth
1645
Susanna Edwards
Bideford
1682
Susanne Prudhomme
Guernsey
1629
Susanne Rouanne
Guernsey
1631
Temperance Lloyd
Bideford
1682
Thomas Bolster
Somerset
1665
Thomas Burnhill
N. Berwick
1590
Thomas Durning
Somerset
1665
Thomas Leyis
Aberdeen
1597
Thomas Weir
Edinburgh
1670
Thomasse de Calais
Guernsey
1617
Thomazine Ratcliffe
Suffolk
1645
Thomasse Salmon
Guernsey
1570
Thomasine Watson
Northumberland
1673
Ursley Kemp
St. Osyth
1582
Vyolett Leyis
Aberdeen
1597
Walter Ledy
Auldearne
1662
William Ayres
Conn.
1662
William Barton
Queensferry
1655
William Berry
Rutland
1619
William Coke
Kirkcaldy
1636
William Craw
Borrowstowness
1679
William Wright
Northumberland
1673
|
APPENDIX IV
THESE two personages-so closely
connected in life and dying similar deaths, yet as the poles asunder in
character-have been minutely studied from the historical and medical.
points of view, and in the case of Joan from the religious standpoint
also. But hitherto the anthropological aspect has been disregarded. This
is largely due to the fact that these intensive studies have been made of
each person separately, whereas to obtain the true perspective the two
should be taken together. This individual treatment is probably owing to
the wide divergence of the two characters; the simplicity and purity of
the one is in marked contrast with the repulsive attributes of the other.
Yet anthropologically speaking the tie between the two is as strongly
marked as the contrast of character.
The case of Joan is easily
studied, as the documents are accessible.[1] Anatole France has realized
that behind Joan there lay some unseen power, which Charles VII feared and
from which he unwillingly accepted help. M. France sees in this power a
party in the Church, and in his eyes the Church was a house divided
against itself. Though agreeing with the view that Joan was the
rallying-point of a great and powerful organization, I see in that
organization the underlying religion which permeated the lower orders of
the people in France as in England; that religion which I have set forth
in the foregoing chapters. The men-at-arms, drawn from the lower orders,
followed without hesitation one whom they believed to have been sent by
their God, while the whole army was commanded by Marshal Gilles de Rais,
who apparently tried to belong to both religions at once.
The questions asked by the judges
at Joan's trial show that they were well aware of an underlying
organization of which they stood in some dread. The judges were
ecclesiastics, and the accusation against the prisoner was on points of
Christian faith and doctrine and ecclesiastical observance. It was the
first great trial of strength between the old and the new religions, and
the political conditions gave the victory to the new, which was triumphant
accordingly. 'We have caught her now', said the Bishop of Beauvais, and
she was burned without even the formality of handing her over to the
secular authorities. After the execution, the judges and counsellors who
had sat in judgement on Joan received letters of indemnity from the Great
Council; the Chancellor of England sent letters to the Emperor, to the
kings and princes of Christendom, to all the nobles and towns of France,
explaining that King Henry and his Counsellors had put Joan to death
through zeal for the Christian Faith and the University of Paris sent
similar letters to the Pope, the Emperor, and
[1. It is advisable to read the
trial in the original Latin and French, as the translations have often a
Christian bias, e.g. 'the King of Heaven' being rendered as 'our Lord' '
and 'my Lord' as 'our Saviour'. This is not merely inaccurate but actually
misleading.]
the College of Cardinals. Such
action can hardly be explained had Joan been an ordinary heretic or an
ordinary political prisoner. But if she were in the eyes of the great mass
of the population not merely a religious leader but actually the incarnate
God, then it was only natural for the authorities who had compassed her
death, to shelter themselves behind the bulwark of their zeal for the
Christian religion, and to explain to the heads of that religion their
reasons for the execution. On the other hand, the belief that Joan was God
Incarnate will account, as nothing else can, for the extraordinary
supineness of the French, who never lifted a finger to ransom or rescue
Joan from the hands of either the Burgundians or the English. As God
himself or his voluntary substitute she was doomed to suffer as the
sacrifice for the people, and no one of those people could attempt to save
her.
In comparing the facts elicited at
the trial with the Dianic Cult as set out in the previous chapters, the
coincidences are too numerous to be merely accidental. I do not propose to
enter into a detailed discussion of the trial, I only wish to draw
attention to a few points in this connexion.
The questions put to Joan on the
subject of fairies appear to the modern reader to be entirely irrelevant,
though much importance was evidently attached to her answers by the Court.
She could not disprove, though she denied, the popular rumour that 'Joan
received her mission at the tree of the Fairy-ladies' (Iohanna ceperat
factum suum apud arborem Dominarum Fatalium), and she was finally forced
to admit that she had first met the 'Voices' near that spot. Connexion
with the fairies was as damning in the eyes of the Bishop of Beauvais and
his colleagues as it was later in the eyes of the judges who tried John
Walsh and Aleson Peirson.
The names of Christian saints,
given to the persons whom Joan called her 'Voices', have misled modern
writers; but the questions showered upon her show that the judges had
shrewd suspicions as to the identity of these persons. That the 'Voices'
were human beings is very clear from Joan's own testimony: 'Those of my
party know well that the Voice had been sent to me from God, they have
seen and known this Voice. My king and many others have also heard and
seen the Voices which came to me. . . . I saw him [St. Michael] with my
bodily eyes as well as I see you.' She refused to describe I St. Michael';
and bearing in mind some of the descriptions of the Devil in later trials,
it is interesting to find that when the judges put the direct question to
her as to whether I St. Michael' came to her naked, she did not give a
direct answer. Later the following dialogue took place If the devil were
to put himself in the form or likeness an angel, how would you know if it
were a good or an evil angel?' asked the judges. Again Joan's reply was
not direct: 'I should know quite well if it were St. Michael or a
counterfeit.' She then stated that she had seen him many times before she
knew him to be St. Michael; when a child she had seen him and had been
afraid at first. Pressed for a description, she said he came ' in the form
of a true honest man' [tres vray preudomme, forma unius verissimi probi
hominis].[1] The accounts of the trial prove that Joan continually
received advice from the 'saints'. The person whom she called 'St.
Katherine' was obviously in the castle and able to communicate with the
prisoner; this was not difficult, for the evidence shows that there was a
concealed opening between Joan's room and the next. It was in the
adjoining room, close to the opening, that the notaries sat to take down
Joan's words when the spy Loyseleur engaged her in conversation; and it
was evidently through this opening that 'St. Katherine' spoke when she
awoke Joan 'without touching her', and again when Joan could not hear
distinctly what she said 'on account of the noise in the castle'. A remark
of Joan's that 'she often saw them [the Voices] among the Christians, they
themselves unseen', is noteworthy for the use of the word Christian,
suggesting that the 'Voices' were of a different religion. The remark
should also be compared with the account given by Bessie Dunlop as to her
recognizing Thom Reid when those about him did not know him; and with the
statement by Danaeus that I among a great company of men, the Sorcerer
only knoweth Satan, that is present, when other doo not know him, although
they see another man, but who or what he is they know not'.
The points of mortal sin, of which
Joan finally stood accused, were the following: 1, The attack on Paris on
a feast day; 2, taking the Horse of the Bishop of Senlis; 3, leaping from
the tower of Beaurevoir; 4, wearing male costume; 5, consenting to the
death of Franquet d'Arras at Lagny.
Of these the most surprising to
modern ideas is the one referring to costume, yet it was on this that the
judges laid most stress. Even the severest of sumptuary laws has never
made the wearing of male dress by a woman a capital crime; yet, though
Joan had recanted and had been received into the Church, the moment that
she put on male attire she was doomed on that account only. Whether she
[1. Compare Bessie Dunlop's more
homely description of Thom Reid. An honest wele elderlie man.']
donned it by accident, by
treachery, by force, or out of bravado, tile extraordinary fact remains
that the mere resuming of male garments was the signal for her death
without further trial. On the Sunday she wore the dress, on the Monday she
was condemned, on the Tuesday the sentence was communicated to her, on the
Wednesday she was burned, as an 'idolator, apostate, heretic, relapsed'.
If, as I suppose, she were a member of the Dianic Cult, the wearing of
male attire must have been, for her, an outward sign of that faith, and
the resuming of it indicated the relapse; the inscription on the high cap,
which she wore at her execution, shows that the judges at least held this
opinion. Throughout the trial questions were poured upon her as to her
reasons for wearing the dress, and she acknowledged that she wore it, not
by the advice of a human man [per consilium hominis mundi] . . . 'Totum
quod feci est per praeceptum Domimi, et si aliam praeciperet assumere ego
assumerem, postquam hoc esset per praeceptum Dei.' Asked if she thought
she would have been committing mortal sin by wearing women's clothes, she
answered that she did better in obeying and serving her supreme Lord, who
is God. She refused to wear women's dress except by command of God: 'I
would rather die than revoke what God has made me do.'
On her letters were placed
sometimes the words Jhesus Maria or a cross. 'Sometimes I put a cross as a
sign for those of my party to whom I wrote so that they should not do as
the letters said.' Though the mark was merely a code-signal to the
recipient of the letter, it seems hardly probable that a Christian of that
date would have used the symbol of the Faith for such a purpose. She also
consistently refused to take an oath on the Gospels, and was with
difficulty persuaded to do so on the Missal. When she was asked whether
she had ever blasphemed [blasphemaverit] God, she replied that she had
never cursed the Saints [maledixit Sanctum vel Sanctam]. When pressed
whether she had not denied [denegaverit] God, she again refused a direct
answer, saying that she had not denied the Saints [denegaverit Sanctum nec
Sanctam].
The general feeling towards her
among the Christian priesthood is shown by the action of Brother Richard.
When he first entered her presence 'he made the sign of the cross and
sprinkled holy water, and I said to him, Approach boldly, I shall not fly
away.'
Another point to be noted is her
answer that she learned the Paternoster, Ave Maria, and Credo from her
mother, thus proving that she was not of a witch-family. According to
Reginald Scot it was sufficient evidence to condemn a woman to death as a
witch if her mother had been a witch before her. At the same time,
however, Joan refused to say the Paternoster except in confession, when
the priest's lips would have been sealed if she had proved herself not to
be a Christian. She was very urgent to confess to the Bishop of, Beauvais,
but he was too wary to be caught.
She first heard the 'Voices' at
the age of thirteen, the usual time for the Devil and the witch to make
'paction'. One of her followers, Pierronne, was burnt as a witch, avowing
to the last that she had spoken with God as friend with friend, and
describing the costume of her Deity with a detail which shows the reality
of the occurrence. If also there is any weight to be attached to certain
names——as seems likely after studying the lists given above——then we have
in this history four of the chief witch-names; Joan, the daughter of
Isabel, and the two saints Katherine and Margaret. These coincidences may
be small, but there are too many of them to be ignored.
There is evidence from Joan's own
words that she felt herself divine and also that she knew her time was
limited, but she never realized till the last that th end meant death;
this, however, the 'Voices' knew and it was for this that they were
preparing her. At the beginning of the trial, 'she said she had come from
God, and had nothing to do here, asking to be sent back to God from whom
she came [dixit quod venit ex parte Dei, et non habet quid negotiari
quidquam, petens ut remitteretur ad Deum a quo venerat]. 'Many times she
said to him [the King], I shall live a year, barely longer. During that
year let as much as possible be done.' The 'Voices' told her she would be
taken before the feast of St. John, and that thus it must be, and that she
must not be troubled but accept willingly and God would help her. They
also said it was necessary for her to be captured: 'Receive all willingly,
care not for thy martyrdom, thou shalt come at last to the kingdom of
paradise.' On the fatal Tuesday when she learned her doom, flesh and
spirit quailed at the prospect of the agony to come, and she cried out
that her 'Voices' had deceived her, for she had thought that in her
imprisonment she had already suffered the promised martyrdom. Yet within
twenty-four hours she went to the stake with courage unquenched,
acknowledging that her 'Voices' were from God. Like John Fian nearly two
centuries later, her spirit had sunk at first, and again like Fian she
endured to the end, dying a martyr to the God who had exploited her
confidence and simplicity and whom she had served so well. To her de
Lancre's words might well apply, 'The witches are so devoted to his
service that neither torture nor death can affright them, and they go to
martyrdom and to death for love of him as gaily as to a festival of
pleasure and public rejoicing.'
The ashes were collected and
thrown into running water; a common rite, in religions of the Lower
Culture, after the sacrifice of the Incarnate God. It is also worth noting
that Rouen was one of the French cities in which there was still a living
tradition of human sacrifice.
Like Joan of Arc, Gilles de Rais
was tried and executed as a witch and in the same way, much that is
mysterious in this trial can also be explained by the Dianic Cult.
On the mother's side he descended
from Tiphaine de Champtocé, and on the father's from Tiphaine de Husson;
this latter was the niece of Bertrand du Guesclin, and called after du
Guesclin's wife, who was a fairy woman.[1] The name Tiphaine appears to
come from the same root as Fein, Finn, and Fian, all of which meant
'fairy' in Great Britain, and probably in Brittany as well. There is
therefore a strong suggestion of a strain of fairy blood, and with that
blood there may also have descended to Gilles many of the beliefs and
customs of the dwarf race.
The bond between Gilles and Joan
was a very close one. She obtained permission from the King to choose whom
she would for her escort; her choice at once fell on Gilles, for she would
naturally prefer those of her own faith. He held already a high command in
the relieving, force, and added the protection of Joan as a special part
of his duties. Later on, even after he had reached the high position of
Marshal of France, he still continued those duties, remaining with her all
day when she was wounded at the assault on Paris. It is an interesting
point also that Charles VII granted permission to both these great leaders
to bear the royal arms on their escutcheons. It seems incredible that a
soldier of Gilles's character and standing should have made no move to
rescue Joan by ransom or by force, when she was captured. She was not only
a comrade, she was especially under his protection, and it is natural for
us to think that his honour was involved. But if he regarded her as the
destined victim, chosen and set apart for death, as required by the
religion to which both he and she belonged, he could do nothing but remain
inactive and let her fate be consummated. If this is so, then the 'Mystery
of Orleans ', of which he was the author, would be a religious play of the
same class as the mystery-plays of the Christians.
The extraordinary prodigality and
extravagance of Gilles may have been due, as is usually suggested, to
profligacy or to madness, but it may equally well have been that he took
seriously the belief that as the Incarnate God——or at any rate as a
candidate for that honour——he must give to all who asked. He rode a black
horse, as also did Joan and the 'Devils' of later centuries; and on two
separate occasions he attempted to enter into a compact with the 'Devil'.
He could not decide to which religion he would belong, the old or the new,
and his life was one long struggle. The old religion demanded human
sacrifices and he gave them, the new religion regarded murder as mortal
sin and he tried to offer expiation; openly he had Christian masses and
prayers celebrated with the utmost pomp, secretly he followed the ancient
cult; when he was about to remove the bodies of the human victims from the
castle of Champtocé, he swore his accomplices to secrecy by the binding
oaths of both religions; on the other hand members of the old faith, whom
he consulted when in trouble, warned him that as long as he professed
Christianity and practised its rites they could do nothing for him.
An infringement of the rights of
the Church brought him under the ecclesiastical law, and the Church was
not slow to take advantage of the position. Had he chosen to resist, his
exalted position would have protected him, but he preferred to yield, and
like Joan he stood his trial on the charge of heresy. The trial did not
take long; he was arrested on September 14, and executed on October 26.
With him were arrested eight others, of whom two were executed with him.
Seeing that thirteen was always the number of witches in a Coven, it is
surely more than an accidental coincidence that nine men and women,
including Gilles, were arrested, two saved themselves by flight, and two
more who had played a large part in the celebration of the rites of the
old religion were already dead. Thus even as early as the middle of the
fifteenth century the Coven of thirteen was in existence.
Gilles was charged with heresy
before a Court composed of ecclesiastics only, and like Joan he was
willing to be tried for his faith. He announced that he had always been a
Christian, which may be taken to mean that there was some doubt as to
whether he was not a heathen. He suddenly gave way to a curious outburst
against the authority of the Court, saying that he would rather be hanged
by the neck with a lace than submit to them as judges. This can only be
understood by comparing his reference to 'hanging with a lace' with the
method by which Playfair in 1597 (p. 204) John Stewart in 1618 (p. 202),
and John Reid in 1697 (p. 203), met their deaths.
The sudden change of front in this
haughty noble may be accounted for by the excommunication which was
decreed against him, but this explains neither his passionate haste to
confess all, and more than all, of which he was accused, nor his earnest
and eager desire to die. How much of his confession was true cannot be
determined now, but it is very evident that he was resolved to make his
own death certain. His action in this may be compared with that of Major
Weir in 1670, who also was executed on his own voluntary confession of
witchcraft and crime. Gilles's last words, though couched in Christian
phraseology, show that he had not realized the enormity of the crimes
which he confessed: 'We have sinned, all three of us', he said to his two
companions, 'but as soon as our souls have left our bodies we shall all
see God in His glory in Paradise.' He was hanged on a gibbet above a pyre,
but when the fire burned through the rope the body was snatched from the
flames by several ladies of his family, who prepared it for burial with
their own hands, and it was then interred in the Carmelite church close
by. His two associates were also hanged, their bodies being burned and the
ashes scattered.
On the spot where Gilles was
executed his daughter erected a monument, to which came all nursing
mothers to pray for an abundance of milk. Here again is a strong
suggestion that he was regarded as the Incarnate God of fertility. Another
suggestive fact is the length of time-nine years-which elapsed between the
death of Joan and the death of Gilles. This is a usual interval when the
Incarnate God is given a time-limit.
It required twenty-five years
before an action of rehabilitation could be taken for Joan. In the case of
Gilles, two years after the execution the King granted letters of
rehabilitation for that 'the said Gilles, unduly and without cause, was
condemned and put to death'.
An intensive study of this period
might reveal the witch organization at the royal Court and possibly even
the Grand-master to whom Joan owed allegiance, the 'God' who sent her.
Giac, the King's favourite, was executed as a witch, and Joan's beau
duc, the Duke d'Alençon, was also of the fraternity.
APPENDIX V
IMPORTANT NOTE
As noted in the text, several of
the ingredients listed here are DEADLY POISONS. Some of these ingredients
can KILL YOU simply through SKIN CONTACT. We include this appendix because
it is an integral part of the original text of the book the Witch-Cult
in Western Europe . We do not recommend attempting to duplicate this
formula or using ANY of the ingredients in this formula. NOTE: sacred-texts.com
will not be held responsible for the outcome of anyone attempting to use
this formula or any of these ingredients. CONSIDER YOURSELF WARNED.
Here is a quote from an interview
with Sharon Devlin, an experienced wiccan herbalist, from the book
Drawing Down the Moon by Margot Adler:
"One
day I decided to make a flying ointment. I was doing it in front of a
student who I wanted to impress. Well, I made it about a thousand-fold
stronger than I should have because I was using denatured alcohol instead
of sprits of wine to extract it, which is what they did in the old days.
And instead of lard I was using hydrophilic ointment. As a result I
increased the potency about two hundred to three hundred percent, and I
got enough under my fingernails just by mixing it to kill me. And I would
have died if it hadn't been for a friend of mine who was a doctor and a
magician, whom I called immediately. I learned a very heavy lesson. It was
my first heavy experience with death, and a lot of bullshit pride went
down the toilet with the rest of the flying ointment."
THE three formulae for the
'flying' ointment used by witches are as follows:
1. Du persil, de l'eau de
l'Aconite, des feuilles de Peuple, et de la suye.
2. De la Berle, de l'Acorum
vulgaire, de la Quintefeuille, du sang de chauuesouris, de la Morelle
endormante, et de l'huyle.
3. De graisse d'enfant, de suc
d'Ache, d'Aconite, de Quintefeuille, de Morelle, et de suye.
These formulae may be translated
as follows -
1. Parsley, water of aconite,
poplar leaves, and soot.
2. Water parsnip, sweet flag,
cinquefoil, bat's blood, deadly night. shade, and oil.
3. Baby's fat, juice of water
parsnip, aconite, cinquefoil, deadly nightshade, and soot.
These prescriptions show that the
society of witches had a very creditable knowledge of the art of
poisoning: aconite and deadly nightshade or belladonna are two of the
three most poisonous plants growing freely in Europe, the third is
hemlock, and in all probability 'persil' refers to hemlock and not to the
harmless parsley, which it resembles closely.
The other ingredients have no
marked toxic action, unless 'berle' and 'ache' refer not to the harmless
water parsnip but to the poisonous water hemlock or cowbane. The baby's
fat and bat's blood would of course have no action.
Aconite was one of the best-known
poisons in ancient times; indeed it was so extensively used by
professional poisoners in Rome during the Empire that a law was passed
making its cultivation a capital offence. Aconite root contains about 0.4
percent of alkaloid and one-fifteenth of a grain of the alkaloid is a
lethal dose. The drug has little effect upon the consciousness, but
produces slowing, irregularity, and finally arrest of the heart.
The use of belladonna as a poison
was also known in classical times; fourteen of the berries have been known
to produce death; a moderate dose will produce wild excitement and
delirium.
Hemlock is also a well-known and
ancient poison; the fruit may contain as much as 0.9 per cent. of
alkaloid, and ¹ grain of the alkaloid may produce death. The action of
hemlock usually is to produce a gradual motor paralysis, consciousness
being unimpaired, and death being caused by paralysis of respiration, but
sometimes hemlock may produce delirium and excitement.
There is no doubt, therefore,
about the efficacy of these prescriptions and their ability to produce
physiological effects. They were administered by being rubbed into the
skin, which is not an efficient way of introducing most drugs into the
body, indeed some have denied that alkaloids can be absorbed from the
unbroken skin; but there is no doubt that alkaloids can be absorbed when
rubbed into scratches or into the quick of the nails, and it must be
remembered that an unbroken skin is only possessed by those who are free
from vermin and who wash regularly, and neither of these conditions would
be likely to apply to a mediaeval witch. Cases of poisoning associated
with delirium have actually been recorded following the application of
belladonna plasters to the skin.
Of the three prescriptions the
first is a watery solution and would not be very efficacious when rubbed
into the skin, but the second and third are ointments, and if they were
rubbed into the skin in sufficient quantities definite physiological
results would be produced.
The first preparation, which
contains hemlock and aconite, would produce mental confusion, impaired
movement, irregular action of the heart, dizziness and shortness of
breath.
The belladonna in the second
ointment would produce excitement which might pass into delirium.
The third ointment, containing
both aconite and belladonna, would produce excitement and irregular action
of the heart.
I cannot say whether any of these
drugs would produce the impression of flying, but I consider the use of
aconite interesting in this respect. Irregular action of the heart in a
person falling asleep produces the well-known sensation of suddenly
falling through space, and it seems quite possible that the combination of
a delirifacient like belladonna with a drug producing irregular action of
the heart like aconite might produce the sensation of flying.
A. J. CLARK.
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